Long forms, contracted forms (short forms) of auxiliaries
1. to be (am, are, is)
Affirmative |
Negative |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I am |
I'm |
I am not |
I'm not |
you are |
you're |
you are not |
you're not |
you aren't |
he is |
he's |
he is not |
he's not |
he isn't |
she is |
she's |
she is not |
she's not |
she isn't |
it is |
it's |
it is not |
it's not |
it isn't |
we are |
we're |
we are not |
we're not |
we aren't |
you are |
you're |
you are not |
you're not |
you aren't |
they are |
they're |
they are not |
they're not |
they aren't |
2. to be (was, were)
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Pronoun |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I, he, she, it |
I was |
--- |
I was not |
I wasn't |
we, you, they |
we were |
--- |
we were not |
you weren't |
3. have (got)
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Pronoun |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I, we, you, they |
I have got |
I've got |
we have not got |
we haven't got |
we've not got* |
he, she, it |
she has got |
she's got |
she has not got |
she hasn't got |
she's not got* |
* This form is rarely used.
4. had (got)
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Pronoun |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I, he, she, it, we, you, they |
I had got |
I'd got |
we had not got |
we hadn't got |
we'd not got* |
* This form is rarely used.
5. do
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Pronoun |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I, we, you, they |
I do |
--- |
we do not |
we don't |
he, she, it |
she does |
--- |
she does not |
she doesn't |
6. did
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Pronoun |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
I, he, she, it, we, you, they |
we did |
--- |
we did not |
we didn't |
7. Modals (can, could, must, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to)
Affirmative |
Negative |
Long form |
Contracted form |
Long form |
Contracted form |
can |
- |
cannot |
can't |
could |
- |
could not |
couldn't |
must |
- |
must not |
mustn't |
might |
- |
might not |
-- |
need |
- |
need not |
needn't |
will |
'll |
will not |
won't |
would |
'd |
would not |
wouldn't |
shall |
- |
shall not |
shan't |
should |
'd |
should not |
shouldn't |
ought to |
- |
ought not to |
oughtn't to |
The short/contracted forms 's and 'd have have two different long forms:
- he's = he is or he has
- he'd = he would or he had
We seldom use short/contracted forms after names and nouns.
- Peter has got a book. = Peter's got a book.
- The children have visited London. = The children've visited London.
If have is a full verb, we do not use the short form.
- They have breakfast at 6 o'clock.